The life history information has been gleaned from the following sources, all of which are recommended as excellent field guides to the butterflies:

• Shull, E. S., (1987) “The Butterflies of Indiana,” Indiana Academy of Science, Indiana University Press, Bloomington , IN. (out of print).
• Bouseman, J. K. & J. G. Sternburg (2001) “Field Guide to Butterflies of Illinois ,” Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign , IL .
• Brock, J. P. & K. Kaufman (2003) “Butterflies of North America,” Kaufman Focus Guides, Houghton Mifflin Co., New York , NY .
• Walton, R. K. (1990) “Familiar Butterflies of North America,” National Audubon Society Pocket Guide, Alfred A. Knopf,